Summary about Disease
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE), often referred to simply as lupus, is a chronic autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own tissues and organs. This can cause inflammation and damage in various parts of the body, including the joints, skin, kidneys, blood cells, brain, heart, and lungs. Lupus is a systemic disease, meaning it can affect many different organ systems. The severity and specific symptoms of lupus vary widely from person to person. There is currently no cure for lupus, but treatment can help control symptoms and minimize damage.
Symptoms
Lupus symptoms can be diverse and often mimic those of other illnesses, making diagnosis challenging. Common symptoms include:
Fatigue
Joint pain, stiffness, and swelling
Skin rashes, including a butterfly-shaped rash on the face (malar rash)
Fever
Sensitivity to sunlight (photosensitivity)
Chest pain
Shortness of breath
Headaches
Mouth or nose sores
Fingers and toes turning white or blue in cold weather or during stressful periods (Raynaud's phenomenon)
Swollen lymph nodes Symptoms can come and go, with periods of flare-ups (when symptoms worsen) and remissions (when symptoms improve).
Causes
The exact cause of lupus is not fully understood, but it is believed to be a combination of genetic, environmental, and hormonal factors.
Genetics: People with a family history of lupus or other autoimmune diseases are at a higher risk.
Environment: Environmental triggers may include ultraviolet light exposure, certain medications, infections, and silica dust.
Hormones: Lupus is more common in women, suggesting that hormones may play a role.
Medicine Used
There is no cure for lupus, but medications can help manage symptoms and prevent organ damage. Common medications include:
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs): For pain and inflammation.
Antimalarial drugs: Such as hydroxychloroquine, to reduce fatigue, skin rashes, and joint pain.
Corticosteroids: Such as prednisone, to reduce inflammation. Often used for flare-ups.
Immunosuppressants: Such as methotrexate, azathioprine, or mycophenolate mofetil, to suppress the immune system.
Belimumab (Benlysta): A biologic drug that targets a specific protein in the immune system.
Voclosporin (Lupkynis): For lupus nephritis (kidney inflammation).
Anifrolumab-fnia (Saphnelo): targets the type I interferon receptor.
Is Communicable
No, lupus is not contagious. It cannot be spread from person to person through any form of contact.
Precautions
Sun protection: Wear protective clothing, sunglasses, and sunscreen with a high SPF (30 or higher) daily, even on cloudy days.
Healthy diet: Eat a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains.
Regular exercise: Maintain a regular exercise routine to help reduce fatigue and improve joint health.
Stress management: Practice stress-reduction techniques such as yoga, meditation, or deep breathing.
Avoid smoking: Smoking can worsen lupus symptoms.
Regular check-ups: See your doctor regularly for monitoring and treatment adjustments.
Vaccinations: Stay up-to-date on recommended vaccinations, but talk to your doctor about which vaccines are safe for you.
Medication adherence: Take your medications as prescribed.
How long does an outbreak last?
The duration of a lupus flare-up (outbreak) varies considerably from person to person. Flares can last for days, weeks, or even months. The length of a flare depends on the severity of the inflammation, the organs involved, and how well the flare responds to treatment.
How is it diagnosed?
Diagnosing lupus can be challenging because of its diverse symptoms. Diagnosis typically involves:
Medical history and physical examination: Your doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history.
Blood tests:
Antinuclear antibody (ANA) test: A positive ANA test is common in people with lupus, but it can also be positive in other conditions.
Anti-double-stranded DNA (anti-dsDNA) antibody test: Specific for lupus.
Anti-Smith (anti-Sm) antibody test: Specific for lupus.
Complement levels: Low complement levels may indicate active lupus.
Complete blood count (CBC): To check for low blood cell counts.
Kidney and liver function tests: To assess organ function.
Urine test: To assess kidney function.
Imaging tests: Such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRIs, to evaluate organ damage.
Biopsy: In some cases, a biopsy of the skin or kidney may be needed. Doctors often use diagnostic criteria established by medical organizations to help confirm a lupus diagnosis.
Timeline of Symptoms
The timeline of lupus symptoms is highly variable. Some individuals experience a gradual onset of symptoms over months or years, while others have a more sudden and acute presentation.
Some people will only have symptoms once, some people have symptoms that are chronic or constant.
Symptoms may fluctuate with periods of remission when symptoms are minimal or absent, and flares when symptoms worsen.
Important Considerations
Pregnancy: Lupus can affect pregnancy. Women with lupus should discuss family planning with their doctor.
Cardiovascular health: People with lupus are at an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. It's important to manage risk factors such as high blood pressure and cholesterol.
Mental health: Lupus can affect mental health. Depression and anxiety are common in people with lupus. Seek professional help if needed.
Support groups: Joining a lupus support group can provide emotional support and practical advice.
Medication side effects: Be aware of the potential side effects of lupus medications and report any concerns to your doctor.
Individualized treatment: Lupus treatment should be tailored to the individual's specific symptoms and needs.